MACAW Engineering Ltd

Publications

Using their extensive experience and expertise, MACAW Engineering personnel have contributed to the publication of many technical papers world-wide, a summary of which is shown below:-

• The Role of In-Line Inspection in the Management of Transmission Pipelines Affected by Ground Movement
  Andrew Wilde (MACAW), Michael Palmer (MACAW), Angus Patterson (MACAW), Michiel Roeleveld (ROSEN Europe B.V.), Marten van der Rijst (ROSEN Europe B.V.) (2011)
  Rio Pipeline Conference & Exposition, September 20-22, 2011
  

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  Under specific geotechnical conditions, ground movement has proven to be one of the primary threats to pipelines in certain regions of South America. Detailed failure statistics are not readily available for this region. However, based on a compilation of failure statistics for selected gas pipelines in Europe, over the last 37 years ground movement was the 2nd highest cause of pipeline ruptures and was identified as the cause of 7% of all reported incidents. In addition, reported increases in worldwide extreme precipitation events may further increase the occurrence of ground movement related pipeline incidents. An increasing percentage of in-line inspections are using inertial mapping units to detect local changes in pipeline direction. In combination with above-ground DGPS mapping, this allows the route of the pipeline to be accurately mapped. When compared with as-built route information, a single set of inspection data can be used to identify deviations from the original pipe position which may indicate areas of ground movement and associated bending strains. In addition, repeated mapping inspections can be compared to more accurately investigate pipeline movements that have occurred between inspections. Such information can provide valuable input into the process of managing the threat posed to pipelines by ground movement. This paper provides an overview of the causes of ground movement, discusses the strategies adopted to monitor the threat, including the use of in-line inspection, and reviews the assessments that are required to enable the significance of any reported ground movement to be identified.

• Effective Pipeline Integrity Management in the Magallanes Region of Chile.
  Andrew Wilde (MACAW), Eduardo Salinas (ENAP), Alejandro Munoz (ENAP), Marianna Bakayeva (ROSEN Europe B.V.) (2011)
  Rio Pipeline Conference & Exposition, September 20-22, 2011
  

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  Empresa Nacional del Petróleo (ENAP) is an energy company, wholly owned by the Chilean Government. With regards to overall management, the company comprises of two Business Divisions: Exploration and Production (Up-stream) and Refining and Logistic (Down-stream), complemented by corporate managerial structures. The objective of ENAP’s Exploration and Production (Up-Stream) business line is the exploration and exploitation of hydrocarbons (oil and natural gas) in the South of Chile (Magallanes) and abroad, as well as geo-thermal energy, in this case, associated with private entities in areas of Northern Chile. Within the Magallanes region ENAP operates approximately 2,200 km of natural gas, crude oil and refined product pipelines. These pipelines range in diameter from 4 to 20 inch and the majority of pipelines are over 30 years old. Due to operational reliability reasons, since 1998 ENAP has been regularly inspecting its pipelines using intelligent in-line inspection tools. Furthermore, since 2006, as part of an overall pipeline integrity management plan ENAP has been conducting Fitness for Service assessments on selected pipelines including a risk-based assessment considering pipeline condition and the impact on the continuity of operation. The Integrity Management Plan implemented by ENAP in the Magallanes region has been applied to all pipelines transporting gas, crude oil and refined products, including those built after 1990. This plan comprises the construction phase, from which invaluable information is gathered for later use. The primary aims of ENAP’s integrity management plan are: - To protect the public - To protect the surrounding environment by preventing pipeline failures - To ensure efficient usage of the budget available to conduct maintenance tasks - To prevent damage to the pipelines, e.g. due to corrosion activity - To provide clarity of activities being performed by ENAP in order to ensure an efficient, safe and reliable pipeline system This paper provides a description of the integrity management strategy adopted by ENAP and includes a review of a number of the challenges encountered during its implementation.

• An Advanced Approach to Fitness-For-Service (FFS) and Corrosion Growth Assessment to Ensure Effective Pipeline Integrity Management
  Iain K. Richardson (2011)
  API Inspection Summit & Expo, Galveston Island, Texas, January 24-27, 2011
  

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  Despite the advances in design, material selection and operational activities, it is acknowledged that corrosion still plays a major role in the integrity of oil and gas systems.
  This is particularly true for ageing assets which have been in service for a considerable period of time and may have experienced significant changes from the original design and operating conditions and management strategy over their service life.
  Based on practical experience with a major onshore pipeline operator in the USA, this paper describes the overall structured approach to developing a comprehensive integrity programme to manage such challenges.
  This paper will focus on a number of key components of the overall integrity process:

  • Inspection and Condition Assessment.
  • Immediate Integrity Assessment.
  • Detailed Corrosion Growth Assessment including Signal Comparison.
  • Development of Effective Corrosion Management Strategies.
  • Future Repair Strategies.
  • Practical Implementation.
• Pipeline Design - Are Current Pipe Standards Adequate ?
  J.V. Haswell (Pipeline Integrity Engineers Ltd), P. Boothby (MACAW) (2010)
  PROCEEDINGS OF THE 8TH INTERNATIONAL PIPELINE CONFERENCE, Calgary, Alberta, September 27 - October 1, 2010
  

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  The paper commences by identifying the basic pipeline design criteria for onshore gas transmission pipelines by reference to the UK Institution of Gas Engineers and Managers (IGEM) TD/1 code “Steel Pipelines and Associated Installations for High Pressure Gas Transmission”. Amendments incorporated into the recently updated Edition 5 of that document are then highlighted together with appropriate justification for the adopted changes. The current status of pipe standards & specifications, (i.e. the practical interpretation of pipeline design criteria) is then summarised highlighting specific gaps and anomalies that raise cause for concern. Issues specific to different pipe types and grades are covered raising the question; do current pipe standards adequately address the necessary technical requirements bearing in mind the intended pipeline service application? Areas of concern discussed in detail by reference to specific examples include intrinsic weld geometry concerns in high frequency welded pipe, the absence of a reduction of area requirement for transverse weld tensile tests, pipeline construction & operation concerns associated with poor weld bead geometry in spiral pipe, variable flattening test behaviour in high frequency welded pipe and the supply of multiple alloy types within a single pipe order. The above examples are illustrated graphically in the paper where appropriate by photographs taken at the time of pipe production and testing.

• Effective Pipeline Integrity Management in the Magallanes Region of Chile
  E. Salinas (ENAP), A. Wilde (MACAW), A Munoz (ENAP), J. Healy (MACAW), M. Bakayeva (ROSEN Europe) (2010)
  PROCEEDINGS OF THE 8TH INTERNATIONAL PIPELINE CONFERENCE, Calgary, Alberta, September 27 - October 1, 2010
  

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  Empresa Nacional del Petróleo (ENAP) is an energy company, wholly owned by the Chilean Government. With regards to overall management, the company comprises of two Business Divisions: Exploration and Production (Up-stream) and Refining and Logistic (Down-stream), complemented by corporate managerial structures. The objective of ENAP’s Exploration and Production (Up-Stream) business line is the exploration and exploitation of hydrocarbons (oil and natural gas) in the South of Chile (Magallanes) and abroad, as well as geo-thermal energy, in this case, associated with private entities in areas of Northern Chile. Within the Magallanes region ENAP operates approximately 2,200 km of natural gas, crude oil and refined product pipelines. These pipelines range in diameter from 4 to 20 inch and the majority of pipelines are over 30 years old. Due to operational reliability reasons, since 1998 ENAP has been regularly inspecting its pipelines using intelligent in-line inspection tools. Furthermore, since 2006, as part of an overall pipeline integrity  management plan ENAP has been conducting Fitness for Service assessments on selected pipelines including a risk-based assessment considering pipeline condition and the impact on the continuity of operation. The Integrity Management Plan implemented by ENAP in the Magallanes region has been applied to all pipelines transporting gas, crude oil and refined products, including those built after 1990. This plan comprises the construction phase, from which invaluable information is gathered for later use. The primary aims of ENAP’s integrity management plan are:

  - To protect the public
  - To protect the surrounding environment by preventing pipeline failures
  - To ensure efficient usage of the budget available to conduct maintenance tasks
  - To prevent damage to the pipelines, e.g. due to corrosion activity
  - To provide clarity of activities being performed by ENAP in order to ensure an efficient, safe and reliable pipeline system

  This paper provides a description of the integrity management strategy adopted by ENAP and includes a review of a number of the challenges encountered during its implementation.
  

• Technical Challenges of Heavy Wall HFW Pipe Production for BORD GAIS EIREANN Pipeline Project
  P. O`Dwyer (Bord Gais Eireann), A. Tazedakis (Corinth Pipeworks S.A.), P. Boothby (MACAW Engineering). (2010)
  PROCEEDINGS OF THE 8TH INTERNATIONAL PIPELINE CONFERENCE, Calgary, Alberta, September 27 - October 1, 2010
  

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  The recently constructed Bord Gáis Éireann, Curraleigh West to Midleton pipeline runs due north from the Midleton compressor station near the city of Cork in Southern Ireland. The 47.5 km, 610mm outside diameter pipeline, comprises over 30 km of 9.5 mm and 17 km of 19.1 mm wall thickness L450MB (X65) grade pipe. The pipe for the project was produced by Corinth Pipeworks (CPW), at its state of the art HFW pipe mill at Thisvi, Greece and represents a first in terms of the quantity of 19.1 mm L450MB (X65) HFW pipe produced by the mill for a specific project. The paper outlines the engineering approach adopted for the pipeline before describing in detail the production challenges faced by the pipe mill in successfully completing this demanding pipe order. Production of the 9.5 mm wall thickness pipe was not anticipated to present any particular difficulties. However, the principal concern associated with the manufacture of the 19.1 mm pipe was that the combination of wall thickness and strength level was toward the upper end of the commercially supplied wall thickness-strength combinations for HFW produced linepipe, particularly as the actual strength of the starting coil was well above the minimum specified level for L450MB (X65). In addition, to accommodate the demanding drop weight tear test (DWTT) toughness requirement the chemical composition of the 19.1 mm coil strip was above the permitted limits of the parent pipe standard EN 10208-2 [1] for the elements Cu & Ni, and the yield to tensile ratio was also above the 0.87 maximum level required by EN 10208-2 for L450MB (X65) grade pipe. Potential risks were therefore identified prior to production and mitigated by several methods detailed in the paper, including for example; increased initial production test frequency, close monitoring during pipe production, duplicate testing to verify mill results, identification of potential construction issues and weldability testing. A summary of production experience including statistical data for the production of both 9.5 mm and 19.1 mm pipe is presented. Also covered are the results of a supplementary investigation which makes a further assessment of the influence of the welding and heat treatment cycles on the final pipe properties. The paper concludes by referring to the overall successful construction phase of the project.

• The Use of Pipeline Route Information and Satellite Imagery in Pipeline Integrity Assessments
  Jennifer Briddon (MACAW), Andrew Wilde (MACAW) (2009)
  PIPELINE TECHNOLOGY 2009, Oostende, Belgium, October 12 - 14, 2009
  

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  This paper considers the use of satellite imagery and aerial photography data, such as that provided by virtual globe programs including Google’s Google Earth, NASA’s World Wind or Microsoft Virtual Earth, in integrity and risk assessment of onshore oil and gas pipelines.

  Increasingly, pipelines are being inspected with in-line intelligent inspections tools that incorporate an inertial navigation unit. In combination with frequently spaced above ground markers, information from such inspections can be used to accurately map the pipeline route. For pipeline operators without an established Geographic Information System (GIS), virtual globe programs enable the location of the pipeline to be reviewed with respect to nearby above ground features such as populated areas, road crossings, railways and waterways.

  This information can then be used to support pipeline integrity and risk assessments. Typical examples of this include assisting with the diagnosis of the cause of reported corrosion e.g. due to stray current from a nearby DC transit system, and enabling the identification of areas where the consequence of a failure is increased e.g. where the pipeline runs close to a major waterway.

  This paper discusses the benefits and potential limitations of using virtual globe programs for such applications.

• An Integrated Approach to Managing the Integrity of SKO Offshore Pipelines
  P Setyawendh, N Mendoza (Petronas Carigali Sdn. BHd. Sarawak (SKO)), J Healy, A C Russell, A Wilde (MACAW), S Yaakub (ROSEN Inspection) (2009)
  5TH ASIAN PIPELINE CONFERENCE & EXHIBITION, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
  

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  Petronas Carigali Sdn. Bhd. Sarawak Operation (PCSB-SKO) operates 200 pipelines in its area of operation. The SKO pipelines are mainly offshore, oil and gas, with diameters from 6 to 48 inches.  Many of the pipelines have been in operation for more than 20 years, and have experienced significant changes in well chemistry, water cut and operation over their lifetimes compared to the original design conditions.
  This paper describes the overall integrity programme implemented by PCSB‑SKO to confirm the condition of their pipelines and to determine the rehabilitation and pipeline modifications required to ensure continued future safety and reliability.
  This included a number of key components:

  • Prioritisation of pipeline based on risk based assessment methods.
  • Condition assessment using in-line high resolution Intelligent Pigging (IP) together with external ROV and riser inspections.
  • Detailed Fitness-For-Services (FFS) assessment based on the surveys conducted, to develop a 5 year repair and rehabilitation plan for the pipeline.
  • Review and updates to the Corrosion Management Strategy (CMS) including routine cleaning, inhibition and biociding.
  • Using this information to develop, schedule and implement cost effective pipeline management and replacement options.
• An Integrity Programme To Restore The MAOP Of A High Pressure Gas Pipeline In Venezuela
  P. Guillen, G Gutierrez, E Romero, J Chiquito, H Marquez, J Healy (MACAW), M Pattison (MACAW), C Clausard (MACAW), A Wilde (MACAW), D Rodriguez, M Bakayeva , R v Kampen (2009)
  RIO PIPELINE 2009 CONFERENCE & EXPOSITION, Rio de Janeiro, 22-24 September 2009
  

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  This paper describes the overall integrity programme implemented to restore the pipeline operating pressure for 200 km of high pressure gas pipeline in Venezuela. The pipeline was constructed in 1976 and has a design pressure of 900 psi. Over the last 10 years the pipeline has been operated at a maximum pressure of 750 psi. In addition over that time changes in population density and the original class locations have also occurred along the length of the pipeline. In 2008, due to increasing capacity demands an integrity programme was implemented to restore the pipeline operating pressure back to the original design pressure of 900 psi.

• Development of appropriate inspection and maintenance options to mitigate microbial induced corrosion (MIC) in offshore oil pipelines
  J Healy, D Sandana, C Argent, A Russell, A Wilde, M Dale (2009)
  4TH ANNUAL MIDDLE EAST PIPELINE INTEGRITY MANAGEMENT SUMMIT, Abu Dhabi, 23-24 February 2009
  

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• Maximising the Benefits of Multiple Intelligent Inspections
  A Wilde, J Briddon (2008)
  IQPC 3RD ANNUAL CORROSION MANAGEMENT & FITNESS FOR SERVICE SUMMIT, 19th - 22nd October 2008
  

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  Intelligent inspection or in-line inspection (ILI) tools have been in widespread use for more than 30 years. Consequently, the majority of aging pipeline systems now have comprehensive information pertaining to their condition that has been gathered during multiple ILI runs. Extracting the full potential from this data is critical in maintaining the long term integrity of these systems in an economic and safe fashion.

  Further, the rapid expansion of the ILI market, particularly over the last ten years has led to the introduction of many new inspection vendors which has in turn vastly increased competition levels. As a result, many pipeline operators are in possession of inspection data that has been gathered by different vendors.

  This paper outlines the challenges faced by comparing multiple sets of inspection data, particularly where it involves data from different vendors, and suggests ways of minimising the likelihood of errors. It also discusses the level of detail that can be obtained from repeat inspections using the data from the same vendor in comparison to inspections with different vendors.

  In addition, findings from a sample of recent inspection comparisons are discussed to review the types of information that can be obtained and how they can be best utilised.

• Application of Developing ILI And Integrity Assessment Methods for Geometric Pipeline Anomalies
  A C Russell, S Paeper (2008)
  WORLD PIPELINES, August 2008
  

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  Mechanical damage is now the largest cause of DOT reportable pipeline incidents.  Between 1985 and 2003 it accounted for 32% of gas and 26% of liquid reportable incidents. The industry has therefore devoted considerable effort to understanding the problem and identifying areas where improvements can be made.  PRCI has produced a “Roadmap” outlining areas necessary to improve understanding of this problem:-
  –      Prevention
  –      Assessment
  –      Mitigation

  Consideration of the mechanical damage data shows that immediate product release occurred in 90% of reportable gas line incidents and 83% of cases in liquid lines. This still leaves a significant number of incidents due to delayed failures. So in addition to increased study of prevention methods, work is also proceeding on location, classification, sizing and assessment of these features.
  This article presents some practical experiences regarding new inspection technology and dent reporting, analysis and assessment.

• Implementation Of An Integrity Management Strategy To Optimize Future Inspection, Maintenance And Rehabilitation Activities
  B Brown, C Clausard, A Wilde, J Healy, A C Russell et al (2008)
  IPC2008, Calgary (IPC2008-64265)
  

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  A Canadian pipeline company operates a 12 inch, nominal wall thickness 5.08mm and 25 km long partially buried insulated pipeline that transports hot liquid oil from an oil refinery, supplying product to a customer in Canada.
  In addition to the economic importance, this pipeline crosses a city intersecting several high consequence areas (HCA’s).  Therefore ensuring the public safety and reliability of the pipeline is critical.
  One of the primary threats to the integrity of the system is external corrosion associated with areas of damage to the yellow jacket external coating.  In buried sections this is due to a combination of water ingress in the damaged coating and CP shielding in these localized areas.  The above ground sections are at a higher risk since they are open to the environment and any water ingress can be replenished.  This corrosion mechanism can lead to potentially high corrosion rates.  Such localized damage is difficult or impossible to detect in above-ground surveys.
  In addition to routine above-ground surveys and site examinations, high resolution in-line inspection is a key component of the pipeline operator’s overall integrity management strategy.  It is conducted at appropriate frequencies to confirm the condition of the pipeline and to optimize maintenance plans to ensure the future safe, reliable and cost effective operation of the pipeline.
  To date three in-line inspections have been conducted on this pipeline.  This paper presents an innovative technique for conducting a detailed corrosion growth comparison of the three inspection data sets and demonstrates the practical use of this methodology to optimize the future integrity management strategy.

• Extracting Maximum Value from Multiple Intelligent Inspections
  A Wilde, C Clausard, C Frolish (2007)
  2007 TűV PIPELINE SYMPOSIUM, November 2007
  

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  Intelligent inspection or in-line inspection (ILI) tools have been in widespread use for more than 30 years. Consequently, the majority of aging pipeline systems now have comprehensive information pertaining to their condition that has been gathered during multiple ILI runs. Extracting the full potential from this data is critical in maintaining the long term integrity of these systems in an economic and safe fashion.
  Further, the rapid expansion of the ILI market, particularly over the last ten years has led to the introduction of many new inspection vendors which has in turn vastly increased competition levels. As a result, many pipeline operators are in possession of inspection data that has been gathered by different vendors.
  This paper outlines the challenges faced by comparing multiple sets of inspection data, particularly where it involves data from different vendors. In addition, findings from a sample of recent inspection comparisons are discussed to review the types of information that can be obtained and how they can be best utilised.

• Overcome the Challenges of Assessing Corrosion Growth
  C Clausard, J Healy, A Wilde (2007)
  INTERNATIONAL OIL & GAS ENGINEER, June 2007
  

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  Currently the most accurate way of identifying corrosion in a pipeline is an inline inspection with an intelligent pig. The results from this inspection can then be analysed carefully to provide a clear picture of the condition of the pipeline. One set of inspection data can give an idea of the current condition of the pipeline but having two sets of inspection data can show if the condition of the pipeline has deteriorated over time.
  Though the information provided from the in-line inspections is very powerful, comparing two or even more sets of inspection data is not without its problems especially when the pipeline has been inspected by different vendors.

• Key note presentation on Pipeline Integrity Management and participation in Technical Workshop
  J Healy (2007)
  COLUMBIAN INSTITUTE OF PETROLEUM MEETING, in Bucaramanga, Columbia, March 2007.
  

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• Risk Assessment as a Basis for Improving Pipeline Integrity Management
  J Healy, CJ Argent, C Clausard (2007)
  WORLD PIPELINES, January 2007
  

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  Risk Based Inspection Assessment (RBA) is a systematic approach which aims to reduce the overall risk exposure by focusing on the areas of higher risk.
  A risk assessment methodology and approach is described in this article, which is relatively simple and applicable to all pipelines regardless of age, condition and ‘piggability’. In addition the risk methodology is based on a traceable source of direct technical relevance to the operation of hydrocarbon pipelines, i.e. industry codes and standards.
  It’s practical application to a system of pipelines for supporting pipeline integrity management activities has been demonstrated.

• Emerging Techniques For Enhanced Assessment And Analysis Of Dents
  S J Dawson, A C Russell, A Patterson (2006)
  PROCEEDINGS OF IPC2006 6TH INTERNATIONAL PIPELINE CONFERENCE, September 25-29, 2006, Calgary, Alberta, Canada (IPC 2006-10264)
  

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  Dents can occur either during pipeline construction e.g., in the
  form of rock-induced dents or as a result of the handling and
  back-fill processes or in-service, e.g., excavator impact. If
  failure as a result of a dent is not immediate, it is possible that
  the induced dent and/or defect combination can deteriorate in
  service and cause failure at some time after the initial impact.
  Often incidents of dents go unreported and the challenge to the
  pipeline operator is the identification of those defects that may
  threaten the future integrity of the pipeline from those defects
  that are dormant and require no further action.
  Most commonly, ILI metal loss and geometry tools (and in
  some cases ILI crack detection tools) are used to detect and
  report the characteristics and dimensions of dent defects. The
  ILI tools can provide information on the location, shape of the
  deformation, the nature of the damage i.e., the association with
  other features (metal loss, cracks, long seam or girth welds).
  Indeed, dents are found in the majority (> 80%) of pipeline
  miles inspected; with more than 50% of pipelines containing 10
  or more dents.
  Although the pipeline industry does recognize the potential
  threat from dents, much of the published guidance is limited to
  a combination of the nature of the damage (e.g., presence of
  metal loss, stress risers, location etc) and a simple depth-based
  assessment of the deformation. In the US, prescriptive rules of
  this type are in place to provide operators with the timescale for
  the investigation and remediation of different forms of dents.
  However, with unintentional releases still occurring in-service
  from dents (from both excavator impact damage and of
  construction origin) the current industry thinking and research
  supports the use of more advanced assessment techniques
  (beyond the depth-based rules). These enhanced assessment
  techniques make use of the detailed dent profile information
  obtained from high-resolution geometry tools and other
  supporting information on the presence and severity of stress
  risers from ILI tools. Indeed, the US regulations do allow
  operators an option to engage such techniques to re-evaluate
  the prescriptive timescales for certain dent categories.
  This paper describes two levels of enhanced dent assessment
  that can be utilized to rank dents in order of severity and to
  assess their significance and need for remediation and discusses
  their application supported by real case study information.

• A Semi-Quantitative Pipeline Risk Assessment Tool for Piggable and Un-Piggable Pipelines
  G Weigold, C Argent, J Healy, I Diggory (2006)
  PROCEEDINGS OF THE IPC 2006, 6TH INTERNATIONAL PIPELINE CONFERENCE, September 25 - 29, 2006, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
  

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  In succession of a Pipeline Inspection project ROSEN developed together with MACAW Engineering Ltd. a Risk Assessment Tool that can be applied to both piggable and un-piggable pipelines. The Risk Model is structured to answer three basic questions relating to pipeline integrity:

  • What threats are active on the pipeline?
  • Will the active threats result in a leak or a rupture?
  • What is the company liability (cost) in the event of a failure?

  The risk assessment criteria on which the model is based are taken from codes and technical papers that have become accepted as industry norms.  The Risk Model itself is semi-quantitative and is based on input data that operators should have for all pipelines.
  The results of the risk assessment provide an objective identification of active threats to pipeline integrity and a first level benchmarking of the operators procedures with regards to industry best practice.
  The paper will present the fast and robust Risk Assessment Approach and illustrate it’s application by different use cases were it was used to identify and prioritize active threats mechanism to optimize maintenance expenditures for effective preservation of pipeline integrity.

• Advanced Approaches to Pipeline Integrity Management
  J Healy, D Storey, G Weigold, C Bal, M Jaarah. (2006)
  MIDDLE EAST PIPELINE MANAGEMENT SUMMIT, 16-17th January 2006.
  

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  This paper summarises developments in integrity management including the handling large volumes of data comprehensively.
  It focuses also on increasing the level of confidence for inspection data by integrating and aligning various sources as well as being able to trace the quality level of each individual inspection measurement.
  Potential risks can be diagnosed early by reliable root cause analysis and corrosion growth methods so that integrity threatening deterioration can be prevented by justified maintenance activities and inspection frequencies.
  These improvements optimize maintenance budgets, minimize un-scheduled shutdowns and allows for prolonging pipeline life economically.

• The use of risk assessment for optimising maintenance expenditure on buried pipelines
  C J Argent, I S Diggory, J Healy (2005)
  BHR PIPELINE PROTECTION, Nov 2005
  

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• Pipeline cracking: Causes and impact on operations
  C J Argent, K Prosser (2005)
  PII 5TH PIPELINE INTEGRITY CONFERENCE, Seville, 2000
  

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• Extending the life of a critical offshore pipeline through effective integrity management
  F Egan, K Qutishat - Zakum Development Company (ZADCO), J Healy, A C Russell, D G Jones, H Plummer, A Patterson - GE Energy (2005)
  OIL & GAS PIPELINES IN THE MIDDLE EAST, Conference & Seminar 8-10 May 2005, Abu Dhabi.
  

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• The Assessment of Girth Weld Anomalies Detected in an Argentine Gas Pipeline
  P Rivarola (Refinor) A Clyne, A Wilde & R. Peverelli (GE Energy, Oil & Gas, PII Pipeline Solutions) (2004)
  PIPELINE TECHNOLOGY CONFERENCE, Ostende May 2004
  

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• Using benchmarking to optimise the cost of pipeline integrity management
  J Healy, D Jones, A Clyne, P Cazenave, D Alkazraji (2004)
  PIPELINE TECHNOLOGY CONFERENCE, Ostende May 2004.
  

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• Advanced Indentation Systems For Tensile Properties Evaluation Of In-Service Pipelines
  R Kania, A C Russell, M Gao (2004)
  CORROSION 2004, New Orleans, LA, March 28 - April 1, 2004
  

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• Determining the In-Situ Tensile Properties of Pipelines Using the Automated Ball Identation (ABI) Technique
  A C Russell, L Manning, B L Jones (2003)
  ETNDT, Thessaloniki, Greece, 26-28 May 2003
  

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• Cathodic protection - coating interactions on high pressure, buried steel pipelines
  C J Argent (2002)
  ACA CORROSION & PREVENTION 2002, Nov 2002
  

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• Laminations - Origin, Detection And Assessment
  S Peet, A Wilde (PII Ltd.) (2001)
  CONGRESO INTERNACIONAL DE DUCTOS, Merida, Yucatan, 14 - 16 Noviembre del 2001
  

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• Risk Based Integrity Management
  J Healy, J Dawson, I Skinner (2001)
  IATMI CONGRESS & SYMPOSIUM, 13 & 14 November 2001, Jakarta.
  

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• Methods for Assessing Corroded Pipelines - Review, Validation and Recommendations
  B Fu, CL Jones, D Stephens and D Ritchie (2001)
  13TH PRCI/EPRG JOINT TECHNICAL MEETING ON LINEPIPE RESEARCH, New Orleans, USA, May 2001.
  

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• Pipeline Corrosion: Diagnosing the problem - Or what went wrong?
  C J Argent, M J Dale (2001)
  CORROSION CONTROL OF OFFSHORE PIPELINES, Amsterdam, Feb 2001.
  

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• Rehabilitation of the 450km Mombasa to Nairobi refined products pipeline
  W.O. Oluoch, I. Skinner and J. Healy. (2000)
  4TH INTERNATIONAL PIPELINE REHABILITATION & MAINTENANCE CONFERENCE, Prague 4-7th September 2000.
  

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• Application of life assessment methodology to offshore structures
  J Healy, B Wells, B Webster (1997)
  INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE MATEX'98 - MATERIALS FOR EXTREME ENVIRONMENTS. Port Hedland, Western Australia, November 1997.
  

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• Extending Pipeline Performance
  CL Jones and DG Jones (1997)
  PROCEEDINGS OF MIDDLE EAST PIPELINE CONFERENCE, Abu Dhabi, UAE, July 1997
  

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• Assessing Pipeline Steels for Sour Service
  CL Jones, PR Kirkwood, RF Dewsnap and WJ Rudd (1995)
  PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL GAS RESEARCH CONFERENCE, Cannes, France, November 1995
  

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• The Performance of Carbon Manganese Pipeline Steels in Sour Gas Environments
  C L Jones (1992)
  INTERNATIONAL GAS RESEARCH CONFERENCE, Orlando, USA, Nov 1992.
  

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• A Total System Approach to Sweet Gas Corrosion Control by Inhibition
  C J Argent, M J Dale, C L Kokoszka, M W Hindmarsh. (1991)
  SOCIETY OF PETROLEUM ENGINEERS OFFSHORE EUROPE 91 CONFERENCE, 3-6 Sept. 1991, Aberdeen. SPE Paper 23153.
  

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• Review Report on Pitting and Crevice Corrosion of 316 and 316L stainless steels on topside production facility
  A Brown, C.L. Jones and K Prosser (1989)
  Jun 1989
  

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• Metallurgical Aspects of Cryogenic Storage Tanks
  C.L. Jones (1984)
  INSTITUTION OF CIVIL ENGINEERS MEETING, May 1984
  

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• Mechanism of Hydrogen Induced cracking in Pipeline Steels
  C.L. Jones, P Rodgerson and A Brown (1983)
  CONFERENCE ON TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS OF HIGH STRENGTH STEELS, Philadelphia, Oct 1983
  

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• Hydrogen Induced Cracking in Linepipe Steels
  C.L. Jones and A Brown (1983)
  NACE CORROSION CONFERENCE 83, Arnheim, Apr 1983
  

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• Developments in Steels for Gas Pipeline Fittings
  C.L. Jones and P Rodgerson (1981)
  METALS SOCIETY CONFERENCE, London, Oct 1981
  

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